Humanity has always sourced food from the sea. And fishing is an ancient way of doing so that can be traced back to the early Stone Age around 40,000 years ago. In the last 100 years, fish stocks have dramatically declined in the Western Sea and the Baltic Sea. And in most cases, overfishing is considered to be the major cause.
The fishhook is one of humanity’s most useful inventions and still looks much like those used during the Stone Age. For a long time, fishing could only be done in shallow waters. It was only with the invention of the oar around 8000 BC that it became possible to fish in deeper waters using fishing nets, initially made of plant fibers, hair, or seaweed.
As humans learned to cultivate and became settled, cities emerged. Since it was not as easy to go out and hunt as in Stone Age villages, and meat was expensive, fish became the primary source of protein for many city dwellers. During ancient times, bread, fish, and olive oil were the staple foods for the poor part of the population. Usually, it was dried or salted fish that prevailed, as fresh fish caught in the Aegean Sea was for the affluent. Even in the Roman Empire, fish was a significant part of the diet. Wealthy Romans could have their own ponds for both freshwater and saltwater fish, and the Roman market hall sold live fish in tanks.
In northern Europe, herring became crucial during the Middle Ages. It was easy to reach the herring spawning grounds, where there was plenty of fish, as they were close to the coasts. Unlike today, even small boats could then catch large quantities of herring. The fish was salted and became a staple food in northern Europe. In Sweden, farmhands and other servants often ate salted herring throughout the year. By the mid-1700s, Bohuslän became the most important area for herring in all of Europe because of the large stocks, with claims that one could walk on water. Fishing was mostly done with small boats and nets. Authorities encouraged fishing, providing incentives such as rewards per barrel of herring, free timber, and tax exemption if settlers established themselves on the crown’s islands for fishing. The great herring period had begun. Herring periods are times when large schools of herring come close to the coast.
The success in herring fishing reflected in the population growth in many coastal cities. Uddevalla’s population doubled in just 50 years, and Marstrand tripled. In the early 1800s, herring was Sweden’s second-largest export income after iron and provided employment for tens of thousands of people. But a few years later, the herring disappeared, and by 1808, the great herring fishing was over. This resulted in unemployment in coastal communities, leading many to move away. Herring later returned, reviving the coastal communities in Bohuslän.
The advent of trawlers was a crucial factor in the industrialization of fishing. The earliest known trawler comes from Ireland in 1874 but only had its breakthrough in the 1930s thanks to internal combustion engines. Around this time, Sweden also acquired its first trawlers in Skåne and Blekinge, and since World War II, trawl fishing has dominated large-scale fishing.
As fishing became more efficient, its impact on ecosystems grew. Today, issues such as catch limits, development of selective fishing gear, and fisheries management measures are high on the agenda for fisheries biologists, policymakers, and the fishing industry. Bottom trawling is now one of the most common fishing methods in Sweden, despite being the method causing the most damage in the sea. Bottom trawls drag large nets along the seabed, capturing everything in their path, including small fish, sea stars, and crustaceans as bycatch. This results in catching immature fish, for example. Studies have shown that trawling can halve species diversity. In popular areas, the bottoms can be trawled several times a year, making it difficult for life on the bottom to recover. Ecosystems can also be affected by bottom trawling since it can stir up nutrients and toxins buried in the sediments.
In the Øresund, bottom trawling has been prohibited since the 1930s, which is reflected in fish stocks. There is plenty of both cod and other fish, unlike the Kattegat where bottom trawling is still allowed. Even in marine protected areas, trawling is permitted. Bratten, a Natura 2000 area, is one of Europe’s most fished places. And Kosterhavet National Park allows trawling for shrimp according to an agreement between the Swedish Board of Fisheries and the local fishing industry, using sorting grids to separate unwanted bycatch.
Trawling also contributes more to climate change than other fishing methods. For example, it takes three times more fuel per kilogram of deep-sea lobster trawled compared to catching it with traps. Cod caught with trawls in Swedish waters causes over four times the greenhouse gas emissions as net-caught cod.
Industrial fishing often targets top predators initially. This has led to a 90 percent decline in the world’s biomass of top predators since industrialization. Research shows that the loss of predatory fish can exacerbate the effects of eutrophication through so-called trophic cascades. This means that when the fish that eat zooplankton are not consumed to the same extent by predatory fish, the amount of phytoplankton increases, consuming oxygen from the bacteria that break them down when they sink to the bottom.
When top predators decrease, fishing often shifts to lower levels in the food chain. The Baltic Sea is a clear example of this, as cod has almost been fished to extinction, and sprat and herring, or Baltic herring as it is called north of Kalmar Sound, are now the largest fishery in both quantity and economy, even though it is also depleting. This has caused small fish like sticklebacks to increase in recent years. Moreover, the fish does not end up directly on our plates. Around 75 percent of all Baltic Sea fish and 90 percent of all herring/baltic herring become fishmeal, which then becomes feed for farmed fish and other animals.
In the early 1900s, the Baltic Sea was a nutrient-poor area and shifted to nutrient-rich a few decades later. Initially, this brought both positive and negative consequences for the sea. Fish production, including cod, increased as a result of more available food. But as oxygen-deficient and anoxic bottoms increased during the 1900s, it became increasingly difficult for cod to thrive because their eggs depend on high oxygen and salt content in the water to survive. Large-scale overfishing of cod in Swedish waters has been going on for a long time. Overfishing means extracting fish faster than they can reproduce.
The total allowable catch (TAC) of fish is determined annually by the EU Council (Council of Ministers) for Agriculture and Fisheries. Each EU country has a fixed percentage of the total quota, with shares based on historical catches. To ensure the sustainable use of world oceans, decisions are based on the scientific data and models provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). The council consists of over 4000 researchers from more than 20 member countries. The EU Commission then proposes to the Council of Ministers of Fisheries the amount of fish of each species that can be caught in different sea areas.
Fishing quotas are often surrounded by various uncertainties. In the data and models provided by ICES, there is a risk of inaccurate estimates. At the same time, historically, Swedish quotas have often been set above the scientific recommendations from ICES. The current management model, Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), aiming to fish the maximum sustainable amount of fish stocks, also contributes to the fact that the size of quotas is not always the most sustainable for the sea. Sometimes quotas have even been larger than the size of the stocks due to models overestimating the stocks. Scientific models have been criticized for not including the age structure and genetically distinct subpopulations of fish, which is feared to weaken fish stocks. The multi-year management plan for the Baltic Sea (MAP) states that fishing must cease if stocks are at risk of collapsing (Article 4.6). Despite scientists warning for a long time that fishing for herring/Baltic herring is too intense, fishing has continued.
In some cases, fishing has been completely prohibited. During the summer of 2019, the EU Commission introduced a fishing ban for all member countries for targeted cod fishing in the southern Baltic Sea, which in the coming years expanded to more areas. To consider the weak cod stocks, in January 2024, recreational fishing was also banned throughout the year in some of the Baltic Sea’s sub-basins. Despite this, cod is decreasing in all Swedish seas. Baltic Sea cod has also become small and lean, believed to be due to large individuals being caught, creating a skewed size distribution. This results in cod starving because only small cod are left competing for prey of the same size. Cod is also heavily affected by the consequences of eutrophication because their eggs depend on oxygen-rich and salty water. On the west coast, many coastal stocks have almost completely disappeared and do not seem to be coming back. Seals and cormorants have often been blamed as a reason for the decline in both cod and herring/Baltic herring.
Industrial fishing involves large-scale fishing with boats larger than 24 meters using gear such as trawls. Today, 20 of the largest boats take around 95 percent of Sweden’s catch of herring and Baltic herring. Trawling mostly occurs far out at sea, but industrial trawlers have started fishing closer to the coast. This has made it difficult for small-scale professional fishermen to compete with the industry. Most professional fishermen fish along the coast using gear such as bottom trawls, hooks, cages, and traps.
In Sweden, there are over a million recreational anglers, and sport fishing engages hundreds of thousands of tourists annually. Catch and release fishing has increased from nearly zero in the late 1980s to around 70 percent being released back into the sea now. However, studies show that fish caught and then released both suffer and are at greater risk of dying from the injuries. Depending on the species and the time of year, mortality rates can be over 30 percent.
TEXT: Lina Mattsson
"Don’t catch any eels at all” say the scientists, if you want to have any eels left in the future. But according to Sofia Brockmark at the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (HaV), very few people fish for eel in Sweden and they don’t catch very many.
From 1 January this year, fishing quotas have been reintroduced for spin dogfish, and it is also covered by the discard ban, known as the landing obligation. However, the Swedish Species Information Centre still lists the spiny dogfish as acutely endangered and on the red list. Däremot listar Artdatabasen fortfarande pigghajen som akut hotad och rödlistad.
Cod stocks are close to collapse in several Danish fishing waters, but in the Öresund the species seems to be recovering and this year there are record numbers of cod fry. This is thanks to the introduction of both a trawl ban and restrictions on all cod fishing.
During last night's nightly meeting in Brussels, EU fisheries ministers voted in favour of a ban on recreational fishing for eel and an extension of the fishing ban from three to six months. WWF welcomes the decision but is critical of the fact that countries can choose their own time period. Sweden's eel fishery is one of the largest in the EU.
A person has now been served with suspicion of a violation of the Fisheries Act after over a hundred spiny sharks and rays were dumped in a harbor in Lysekil this spring. Reported by radio P4 West today.
Small-scale coastal fishermen in the Baltic Sea have been warning for many years that the availability of herring and herring is declining. The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management also sees the same development, reports Swedish Radio's Ekot
The Green Party wants to see an immediate end to all industrial trawling in the Baltic Sea. At the same time, the entire maritime area should be protected. We have an acute crisis that requires urgent crisis response, says spokesman Per Bolund
The annual fishing ban on eels is brought forward by one month. Now it will be forbidden to catch the critically endangered fish even during October. "Up to 40 percent of the fishing will disappear," says eel fisherman Hans-Inge"Hånsa"Olofsson
Every year, large amounts of fishing equipment are lost in the sea. In many cases, the equipment continues to fish without anyone taking care of the catch – so-called ghost fishing. On the West Coast, lobster tins pose the big problem and it is estimated that thousands are lost annually. Along both the west and east coasts, however, several projects are underway aimed at cleaning the ocean from these death traps
The high price of diesel is also affecting the fishing industry. The biggest shrimp trawlers on the west coast are expected to stay at berth next week, if diesel becomes as expensive as feared. It's not profitable anymore," says Peter Ronelöv Olsson, chairman of Sweden's fishermen
In this video, we hear fisheries consultant Henrik C. Andersson's thoughts on total fishing bans and closed areas. In the supplementary article, we talk further about the topic with Martin Rydgren, investigator at the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management
The Stockholm archipelago has been fishing for 9,000 years. Commercial fishing was widespread long before motorization and modern-day industrial trawlers. Herring and cod have been the most important species, and for Stockholmers, fish have contributed greatly to both jobs and protein intake. We go through the fishing history of the area with two experts
From today until 31 March, all recreational fishing of cod is prohibited in the Sound and the southern Baltic Sea. This is after stricter rules were decided at the EU's fisheries negotiations in the autumn
The eel is critically endangered, and now research says that all human impact on the eel must stop. But in southern Sweden, eel fishing is seen as a cultural tradition, and every autumn large parties are organized where it is cooked and served in different ways. How is it that Swedes continue to eat the critically endangered species?
Today, a parliamentary majority has voted to move the limit for trawl fishing from 4 to 12 nautical miles from the Baltic Sea's Swedish coast. The Riksdag has also decided to allow more hunting of both seals and cormorants, and to make it easier for those who engage in small-scale commercial fishing
In a fishing village in Halland, we follow a family whose life is built around coastal fishing. We get to take part in their everyday lives, their history, and their thoughts and hopes regarding the future – both for themselves and for fishing on the Swedish coasts
Manjula Gullikson is the only female professional fisherman in Västernorrland. But she finds it increasingly difficult to make a living from the profession. Her herring catch is only getting smaller and smaller
Is there life under the last ice of the Arctic? Researcher Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm hopes for it, but does not dare to hope for anything until she has an actual fish in her hand
As fish stocks decline in the Baltic Sea, so does competition increase – does anyone have more rights to the fish resource than anyone else?
According to a new publication from the Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, organized fishing was conducted in Stockholm's outer archipelago already in the early Middle Ages
Almost two million Swedes recreational fish, an age-old interest that often leads to commitment to protecting the environment. But science states that fish can feel pain, the question is only how they experience it
In Finland, Deep Sea Reporter visits one of the most modern facilities around the Baltic Sea. It rejects criticism of the large catches of industrial trawlers
Danish commercial fishing is being hit hard by Brexit. But there are big differences between fishermen. One of them is a billionaire. And criminal suspect
Swedish documentary by Peter Löfgren from 2001 that goes to the bottom of the corrupt fisheries policy
