{"id":4152,"date":"2022-01-07T11:53:08","date_gmt":"2022-01-07T10:53:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.deepseareporter.com\/?p=4152"},"modified":"2025-03-10T09:35:28","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T08:35:28","slug":"bevis-pa-fisk-under-aktis-sista-is","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.deepseareporter.com\/sv\/bevis-pa-fisk-under-aktis-sista-is\/","title":{"rendered":"Bevis p\u00e5 fisk under Arktis sista is"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Det ok\u00e4nda ekosystemet under Nordpolens sista intakta is ska nu kartl\u00e4ggas, efter en tv\u00e4rvetenskaplig expedition under 2021. Redan p\u00e5 plats konstaterade de att fisk simmar under isen.
\u2013 Vi vet att det \u00e4r aktivt simmande organismer d\u00e4r nere, och inte plankton, s\u00e4ger forskaren Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I somras \u00e5kte marinbiologen Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm p\u00e5 en forskningsexpedition till Nordpolen. Hon skulle, tillsammans med andra forskare, dit f\u00f6r att forska p\u00e5 livet under Arktis sista intakta is \u2013 en plats d\u00e4r ingen tidigare forskat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deep Sea Reporter intervjuade d\u00e5<\/a> Leijonmalm. En av hennes stora f\u00f6rhoppningar var d\u00e5 att f\u00e5 svar p\u00e5 om det fanns fisk under\u00a0isen, och det\u00a0k\u00e4nde hon inte att hon kunde veta f\u00f6rr\u00e4n hon h\u00f6ll en fisk i handen.\u00a0Expeditionen avslutades i september f\u00f6rra \u00e5ret.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00e5, fick du h\u00e5lla en fisk i handen? <\/em> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Ja, det fick jag. Fast det var inte fisken fr\u00e5n djupvatten som jag hade hoppats p\u00e5 \u2013 utan den var fr\u00e5n under isen. Det var en juvenil, och vi hittade flera mindre fiskar under isen. S\u00e5 v\u00e5r slutsats \u00e4r att det \u00e4r samma sorts \u201cfiskar\u201d som vi har observerat i djuphavet, men att n\u00e4r fiskarna blir st\u00f6rre s\u00e5 \u00e5ker de ner p\u00e5 st\u00f6rre djup f\u00f6r att hitta mer mat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pauline<\/a>
Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm har varit i Arktis tidigare. Men den forskning hon nu ska g\u00f6ra \u00e4r v\u00e4rldsunik \u2013 ingen har tidigare bedrivit forskning p\u00e5 den plats Pauline och hennes kollegor nu \u00e5ker till. \nFoto: Peter Sylvander<\/b><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Genom att ha anv\u00e4nt sig av ekolod och annan utrustning \u00e4r Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm n\u00e4stan helt s\u00e4ker p\u00e5 att det finns fisk i djuphavet p\u00e5 Nordpolen \u2013 trots att hon inte f\u00e5tt h\u00e5lla en fisk d\u00e4rifr\u00e5n i handen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 P\u00e5 ekolodet s\u00e5g vi hur n\u00e5got, som i storlek verkar vara fisk, simmade undan n\u00e4r vi kom ner med v\u00e5ra n\u00e4t. Vanligtvis n\u00e4r man g\u00f6r s\u00e5na h\u00e4r m\u00e4tningar s\u00e5 kan man tr\u00e5la och f\u00f6lja med fisken. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men det \u00e4r sv\u00e5rare att g\u00f6ra med tv\u00e5 meter tjock is. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Men vi s\u00e5g hur djuren flyttade sig p\u00e5 ekolodet n\u00e4r vi s\u00e4nkte ner n\u00e4tet. Det g\u00f6r att vi vet att det \u00e4r aktivt simmande organismer d\u00e4r nere, och inte plankton, s\u00e4ger Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm som var chefsforskare f\u00f6r expeditionen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ett annat fiskbevis som forskarna har, \u00e4r att de har hittat fiskben och otoliter (h\u00f6rselstenar) i sedimentet p\u00e5 havsbotten.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Genom otoliterna, som kan ge oss en \u00e5ldersbest\u00e4mning, s\u00e5 s\u00e5g vi att det var ishavstorsk och polartorsk vi hittat. De var 10 000 \u00e5r gamla. Det tyder ju p\u00e5 att det funnits fisk h\u00e4r tidigare ocks\u00e5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"polartorsk\"<\/a>
Forskarna hittade polartorsk under isen, men de var alla v\u00e4ldigt sm\u00e5. Foto: Hauke Flores<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nu ska de kartl\u00e4gga det tidigare ok\u00e4nda ekosystemet<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ombord p\u00e5 skeppet fanns forskare fr\u00e5n Belgien, Holland, Sverige, Danmark och Tyskland. Expeditionen var tv\u00e4rvetenskaplig och inneh\u00f6ll allts\u00e5 en kombination av biologer, oceanografer m.m. Det inneb\u00e4r att forskarna nu hoppas att de kommer kunna kartl\u00e4gga det hittills ok\u00e4nda ekosystemet \u2013 innan isen har sm\u00e4lt bort. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013  Vanligtvis har man expeditioner som antingen \u00e4r atmosf\u00e4rforskning, klimatforskning eller s\u00e5 tittar man bara p\u00e5 vattenkemi. Det \u00e4r bara inriktat p\u00e5 en viss del av ekosystemet, men vi har f\u00f6rs\u00f6kt f\u00e5nga allt. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forskarna har \u00e4ven tagit \u00f6ver 800 e-dna-prov i omr\u00e5det, en metod som \u00e4r k\u00e4nd f\u00f6r att sp\u00e5ra m\u00e4ngden covid i v\u00e5rt avloppsvatten. Med hj\u00e4lp av de proverna ska forskarna f\u00e5 fram exakt vad det \u00e4r f\u00f6r djur och v\u00e4xter som finns p\u00e5 denna extrema plats. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men kan man verkligen lita p\u00e5 ett s\u00e5nt prov? Hur vet man att det st\u00e4mmer? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Ja, det har att g\u00f6ra med hur m\u00e5nga g\u00e5nger en dna-sekvens \u00e5terkommer. Ibland kan man f\u00e5r upp en m\u00e4nniskogen eller en medelhavshaj, f\u00f6r DNA finns ju \u00f6verallt. Men sen f\u00e5r man kolla p\u00e5 alla sekvenser och se hur ofta en dna-sekvens \u00e5terkommer och om det \u00e4r p\u00e5 r\u00e4tt djup och temperatur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"boat\"<\/a>
Forskarna hittade polartorsk under isen, men de var alla v\u00e4ldigt sm\u00e5.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Isen f\u00f6rsvinner \u201cobegripligt fort\u201d<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Men \u00e4n \u00e4r proven inte analyserade, och det kommer ta ett \u00e5r innan vi f\u00e5r veta mer detaljerat hur livet p\u00e5 denna ok\u00e4nda plats ser ut. Forskarna har \u00e4ven lyckats f\u00e5 alla l\u00e4nder som kan t\u00e4nka sig vara intresserade av ett kommersiellt fiske i omr\u00e5det att skriva p\u00e5 ett avtal. I den \u00f6verenskommelsen lovar dem att v\u00e4nta med att skicka upp tr\u00e5lare till centrala Arktis fram till 2037, och till dess ska forskarna f\u00e5 unders\u00f6ka ekosystemet. Men Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm tror inte att n\u00e5gon av l\u00e4nderna kommer vilja fiska d\u00e4r i framtiden. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Idag kan man inte fiska, f\u00f6r det \u00e4r ju fortfarande is d\u00e4r uppe. Men enligt v\u00e5ra unders\u00f6kningar s\u00e5 finns det inte tillr\u00e4ckligt med fisk d\u00e4r f\u00f6r att det skulle vara intressant. Man borde ist\u00e4llet skydda omr\u00e5det, som man gjort i Antarktis.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trots att Pauline har varit p\u00e5 forskningsexpeditioner i Arktis flera g\u00e5nger tidigare, s\u00e5 s\u00e4ger hon efter denna resa att det \u00e4r helt obegripligt hur snabbt isen f\u00f6rsvinner. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Sen 1980 har isen minskat med 40 procent i yta och 60 procent i volym. Det \u00e4r helt obegripligt hur fort det g\u00e5r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hon tror \u00e4ven att sommarens expedition blev hennes sista. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013 Jag \u00e4r 65 \u00e5r nu och det \u00e4r ganska tufft arbete. Man m\u00e5ste vara ung och frisk. Frisk \u00e4r jag, men ung \u00e4r jag inte l\u00e4ngre. Men man ska aldrig s\u00e4ga aldrig. D\u00e4remot ska jag se till att n\u00e4sta expedition som \u00e5ker dit tar tillbaka n\u00e5gra fiskben \u00e5t mig. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"forskare\"<\/a>
Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm hoppas att omr\u00e5det i centrala Arktis ska skyddas, eftersom det \u00e4r s\u00e5 pass lite fisk i omr\u00e5det.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hon har forskat p\u00e5 livet under Arktis sista intakta is \u2013 en plats d\u00e4r ingen tidigare forskat. \u2013 Vi kommer kartl\u00e4gga ett ok\u00e4nt ekosystem, s\u00e4ger marinbiologen Pauline Snoeijs Leijonmalm<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4157,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[580],"tags":[310,832],"class_list":["post-4152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-internationellt","tag-arktis","tag-nordpolen"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nBevis p\u00e5 fisk under Arktis sista is - Deep Sea Reporter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hon har forskat p\u00e5 livet under Arktis sista intakta is \u2013 en plats d\u00e4r ingen tidigare forskat. 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